Research: 240 Blacks from Albemarle County Fought with the Union in the Civil War

By Matt Kelly, UVA Today

For more than a century, historians have known that tens of thousands of black men fought for their freedom with the Union Army during the Civil War. Pieces of this history have been filled in over time: names and ranks, enlistment dates and locations, dates and place of death.

New research conducted at the University of Virginia’s John L. Nau III Center for Civil War History reveals a new layer of detail in the story of slaves fighting as liberators.

Using military and pension records and combining information in public databases, Nau Center researchers discovered that at least 240 black men born in Albemarle County fought with the Union Army. The men were former slaves and free blacks who served in the United States Colored Troops, a branch of the U.S. Army founded to recruit and oversee African-Americans in the Army.

“This is a very big deal,” said Elizabeth Varon, associate director of the Nau Center and Langbourne M. Williams Professor of American History. “These men were fighting because of their bonds to fellow soldiers. They had a keen commitment to the nation and they were fighting for their freedom. If the Union survives, they are part of a liberating army. They are entering the circle of liberators. If they win, they are free of the curse of slavery.”

The former slaves were recruited by the Union Army in places such as Missouri and Louisiana, where they had been brought as slaves. But Army records noted their birthplaces, so with those records in hand, modern researchers were able to trace them back to Albemarle County.

It is the first time historians have quantified the number of African-Americans from Albemarle County who fought for the Union, and the research opens a new window on a part of Civil War history with relatively few details.

About 180,000 black troops enlisted in the Union Army, spread over about 160 regiments, and while historians have been aware of the contributions of the U.S. Colored Troops, the soldiers were usually tracked from where they were recruited, not where they were born.

“We had always looked at the USCT based on where most of the soldiers enlisted, such as Kentucky, Louisiana and Tennessee,” Varon said. “Factoring in where soldiers were born gives us a window on the diasporic nature of the slave trade and of slave flight.”

For example, 77 blacks from Albemarle County enlisted into Union forces in Missouri. Some traveled there with their masters, while others were sold to slaveholders in those areas. Slaves seeking to reach Union Army recruiting stations during the war had to weigh the risk of being captured by armed patrols of slave hunters; fugitive slaves who were tracked down by such patrols were whipped and returned to their masters, or shot in cold blood.

Varon was studying some Colored Troops enlistment records that the state of Missouri had posted online when she noticed several enlistees reported they had been born in Albemarle County. Inspired by this new insight, historians at the center pored through Union Army records, including enlistment and pension records, as well as genealogical databases, to determine from where the black soldiers came.

William Kurtz, managing director and digital historian at the Nau Center, further developed the project.

“Albemarle County was considered to be exclusively Confederate territory. Before this, no one had a Union perspective on the area,” Kurtz said. “And then we found all these men.”

U.S. Colored Troops regiments saw action in hundreds of engagements and dozens of major battles. Those units that did not see much combat nonetheless contributed to the war effort.

“USCT troops were at the Battle of the Crater, and the Siege of Petersburg and they were garrisoned at Vicksburg,” Varon said. “They also worked as engineers, carpenters and other trades the Army needed.”

Mortality rates among the black troops were very high; Varon noted that disease was the primary killer of the black soldiers. Many of the black troops from Albemarle living in Missouri before the war were assigned to the 65th, 67th and 68th regiments.

“The 65th was the worst of the black regiments in terms of the number of casualties from disease,” Kurtz said. It suffered a 42.3 percent casualty rate from disease alone, while black regiments together sustained about an 18.5 percent casualty rate. Overall 65 black Union soldiers from Albemarle died from wartime disease, about 26 percent of all those who enlisted. “The largest single cause of death was diarrhea and dysentery, followed by pneumonia and smallpox,” Kurtz said.

“There were relatively few combat deaths,” Kurtz said. “Of the Albemarle USCT men who died during the war, about 90 percent of them died from disease.”

Varon said of the 180,000 U.S. Colored Troops soldiers, about 150,000 were from the South.

“This is another window into Southern Unionism – the South against the South,” she said. “This was the South divided against itself.”

Kurtz was creative in searching for the databases, using several different spellings of Albemarle and Charlottesville to locate troopers from those locales and is collaborating with the Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities at the University to create an internet accessible repository to hold and present the research results of the team to the public.

“The realization that 19th-century clerks often misspelled the county’s name proved useful as I continued to track down more men from Albemarle and its county seat, Charlottesville,” Kurtz said.

Kurtz estimates that there were at least 5,000 black troops from Virginia serving in the Union forces; he hopes eventually to expand the center’s search of these records to encompass the entire state. He is also encouraging other scholars and local historical societies to search the online databases to find former slaves from their regions who fought on the Union side.

The scholars at the center are currently scouring records to uncover details of the lives of the black troopers. For this, Varon said pension records were very useful.

“The pension records indicate, sometimes in great detail, the wounds and disabilities and struggles to get money,” she said. “There are all kinds of paperwork because the government wanted details of the lives of the free blacks and the slaves. This is fine-grain, intimate details.”

Varon said the records revealed the names of some of the slave owners who migrated away from Albemarle County, and where they moved after they left Virginia.

“Some of the Albemarle-born USCT soldiers moved away when they were quite young,” Varon said. “We are trying to find out as much as we can and we are reaching out to the genealogists and local historians. We are not the only group interested in the USCT entries and we are trying to connect with other groups.”

Of the 240 black soldiers from Albemarle County, very few, such as James T.S. Taylor and Nimrod Eaves, returned to Albemarle County after the war. After the demobilization of the Union Army, many former slaves settled in the North or returned to their families and communities in the post-emancipation South.

Kurtz said many of these men are remembered only because they did serve in the U.S. Colored Troops.

“If they had not served, we would not have these records, and we would not know about their lives,” he said.

So far, Kurtz has found no evidence that any of the men on the database worked at the University, but many were connected to Thomas Jefferson or Monticello.

“At least 18 men who went to Missouri and served together in the USCT were owned by Jefferson descendants,” Kurtz said. “John Coles Carter married Thomas Jefferson’s great granddaughter, Ellen Monroe Bankhead, and together they owned most of the slaves. A few also belonged to her brother, John Warner Bankhead, Jefferson’s great grandson.”

A freeman named George W. Lewis was a private in the 127th U.S. Colored Troops. He had belonged to Dr. Charles Everett, a Jefferson neighbor who had served as the personal physician to both Jefferson and James Monroe. Lewis was freed after Everett’s death in 1848 and moved to Pennsylvania before the war, living in a colony of freed blacks known as “Pandenarium.”

Kirt Von Daacke, an assistant dean in the College of Arts & Sciences who works with Varon on the President’s Commission on Slavery and the University, said the scholarship of the Nau Center is valuable for a variety of reasons.

Von Daacke said the Nau Center’s work supports the commission’s belief that the story of slavery at UVA is not contained within the University precinct.

“It is a story that, from the beginning in 1817, spills out toward Charlottesville, into Albemarle and several other counties – Fluvanna, Louisa, Orange, in particular, and even to at least as far away as Richmond, if not beyond,” Von Daacke said. “To understand the story of slavery at UVA is to understand the story of slavery in Albemarle, in Central Virginia, in Virginia, and even beyond.

“American slavery in the 19th century represented a deeply commodified system. Enslaved people were bought, sold and rented everywhere – the life stories of the USCT make this abundantly clear and they often enlisted at locations quite distant from Virginia.”

Gary W. Gallagher, director of the Nau Center, has been gratified by both the pace and the results of work on the black soldiers born in Albemarle County. “One of the center’s goals from the outset has been to pursue projects that yield benefits beyond the University and a strictly academic audience,” he said. “The USCT project has met that goal splendidly, illuminating local history and doing so in a way that other groups and institutions can emulate regarding black enlistees from other states.”

Union Army Comissary Sgt. James T.S. Taylor, of Albemarle, Wrote to Lincoln

Kurtz said the center is now trying to flesh out the stories of the individual soldiers from the U.S. Colored Troops, such as James T.S. Taylor, a free black who escaped Confederate territory and went to Washington, D.C., where he joined the Union Army.

“He is a fairly well-known figure in local African-American history, but his Civil War career wasn’t fully understood until our center started looking into him,” Kurtz said.

Fairfax Taylor, James Taylor’s father, purchased his family’s freedom before the war, shortly before moving to Albemarle.

While in the Union Army, as a commissary sergeant in the 2nd United States Colored Troops, Taylor wrote letters to the Anglo-African, a black-owned New York newspaper, reporting on daily life in the regiment and lamenting the lack of black commissioned officers in the Army.

In November 1864, he was accused by white officers in his regiment of selling commissary supplies to a local merchant. Taylor wrote a letter on Nov. 15, 1864 to President Abraham Lincoln protesting this charge, but there is no record if Lincoln replied.

“It appeared that the situation was resolved, as Taylor was restored to duty in early 1865,” Kurtz said.

Taylor returned to Albemarle County in 1865 to work as a shoemaker/cobbler, a trade his father had plied. In 1867, he was elected as one of Albemarle County’s representatives to the state convention (1867-68) that was tasked with rewriting Virginia’s constitution before it could rejoin the Union.

“Being a veteran often gave one higher status after the war in the black community, and I am sure his service was known to those who elected him,” Kurtz said. “In addition to advocating for black rights at the convention, he also advocated for election reform, replacing voice voting with paper ballots.”

Taylor died of pneumonia at home in 1918. His wife, Eliza DeLancey, lived long enough to offer an oral history to the WPA Slave Narrative project during the 1930s.